Core Subjects and Topics in +2 Physics:
- Electrostatics
- Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, electric field, and potential.
- Gauss’s law, capacitors, and dielectrics.
- Current Electricity
- Electric current, Ohm’s law, and resistivity.
- Kirchhoff’s laws, electrical energy, and power.
- Heating effect of current, combination of resistors, and electrical instruments.
- Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic fields, magnetic force on current-carrying conductors.
- Ampere’s law, Biot-Savart law, and the force on a moving charge.
- Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic dipole moment, and electromagnetic induction.
- Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Faraday’s law of induction, Lenz’s law, self and mutual induction.
- AC circuits, phasor diagrams, and resonance in LCR circuits.
- Power in AC circuits, transformers, and energy transfer.
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Propagation of electromagnetic waves, spectrum.
- Applications of electromagnetic waves (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, X-rays).
- Optics
- Reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light.
- Lenses, optical instruments, and human eye.
- Wave nature of light, interference, diffraction, and polarization.
- Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Photoelectric effect and its laws.
- Matter waves, de Broglie hypothesis, and uncertainty principle.
- Atoms and Nuclei
- Structure of atoms, Bohr’s model, and atomic spectra.
- Nuclear forces, radioactivity, decay laws, and fission.
- Electronic Devices
- Semiconductor physics, PN junction, diodes, and transistors.
- Logic gates, applications of diodes and transistors.
- Communication Systems
- Basic elements of a communication system.
- Modulation and demodulation, types of modulation (AM, FM).
- Satellite communication and digital communication.
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